Footnotes

• Contributors Study concept and design: HA-O, BG and EM. Acquisition of data: LI, NC, PER, CP, SB and JBN. Analysis and interpretation of data: LI, LL, HA-O. Drafting of the manuscript; critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content: HA-O, LI, NC, PER, JT, BG and EM. Statistical analysis: HA-O and LI. Study supervision: HA-O. RA, CR, JBN and LL: designed and built the independent validation biobank.

• Funding The validation cohort was obtained from study supported by the French Ministry of Health (PHRC).

• Competing interests HA-O applied a patent on the measurement of ascitic fluid TREM-1 concentration for SBP diagnosis.

• Ethics approval This study was approved by the ethical committee, Comité de Protection des Personnes (Saint-Louis Hospital, Paris, France) and verbal consent was obtained from all patients or their families. The requirement for written consent was waived by the institutional review board.

• Provenance and peer review Not commissioned; internally peer reviewed.